{ "release": "data-latest-4-g72a88f5", "schema_versions": { "finding.schema.json": "2.0.0", "protection.schema.json": "1.0.0", "source.schema.json": "1.0.0" }, "findings": [ { "id": "claim_window/entitlement_lost_no_jurisdiction_qld", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "entitlement_lost_no_jurisdiction_qld", "label": "Share of the amount claimed in Queensland adjudication dismissed for no jurisdiction (246 decisions, 2022-23)", "exposure_value": 0.3692, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the total amount claimed across 246 adjudication decisions: claims the adjudicator could not decide at all", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "$70,119,333.18 claimed in no-jurisdiction decisions / $189,905,327.50 claimed across all 246 decisions = 0.3692 (the author calls it 'almost 37%').", "sample_note": "246 published Queensland adjudication decisions, March 2022 to August 2023; 66 (26.8%) were no-jurisdiction decisions.", "caveat": "A nominating authority's own count of published decisions, not the regulator's statistics. A no-jurisdiction decision means the claim failed on procedure, such as timing or form, not on its merits, and the claimant may have other routes to recover, so this is money put at risk by procedure rather than a proven loss.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "adjudicate-today-2023-qld-bif-act" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Adjudicate Today", "source_title": "What is happening under the Building Industry Fairness (Security of Payment) Act 2017 QLD?", "source_url": "https://www.adjudicate.com.au/articles/what-is-happening-under-the-building-industry-fairness-security-of-payment-act-2017-qld", "source_location": "article body, the author's tally of 246 Queensland decisions", "source_year": 2023, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "claim_window/entitlement_retention_held", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "entitlement_retention_held", "label": "Average retention held, 419 clients and 508 contractors (UK)", "exposure_value": 0.049, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract value, held until the defects liability period ends", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "419 clients and 508 contractors surveyed, UK, all construction. Retention was not received back at all after the defects liability period on 5% of tier-1, 10.8% of tier-2 and 13.1% of tier-3 contracts.", "caveat": "The money is held, not lost, until it is not returned. UK data from 2017 with no comparable Australian study; the authors say some tier differences are not statistically robust.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "pye-tait-2017-retentions" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "GB" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Pye Tait Consulting for BEIS", "source_title": "Retentions in the Construction Industry", "source_url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/654399/Retention_Payments_Pye_Tait_report.pdf", "source_location": "executive summary; table p.92", "source_year": 2017, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "claim_window/entitlement_variations_pot", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "entitlement_variations_pot", "label": "Client-approved change orders, 67 Australian public infrastructure projects", "exposure_value": 0.106, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of original contract value, client-approved change orders", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "67 completed public infrastructure projects from one contractor, Australia, civil. Mean change orders were about AU$5.1m and made up 11% of work value 2011-2014.", "caveat": "SIZE OF THE POT, NOT A LOSS. No study measures how much of it a typical contractor fails to claim. Change orders were linked to HIGHER contractor margins, which is the opposite of a loss.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2017-change-orders" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Love, Irani, Smith, Regan & Liu", "source_title": "Cost Performance of Public Infrastructure Projects: The Nemesis and Nirvana of Change-Orders", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2017.1333647", "source_location": "Table 2; accepted manuscript, Change-Orders section", "source_year": 2017, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "claim_window/entitlement_variations_qld_public", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "entitlement_variations_qld_public", "label": "Contract variations as a share of project cost, Queensland public infrastructure (QAO audit)", "exposure_value": 0.09, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "construction_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the cost of the projects examined: over A$127 million in contract variations", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "The Queensland Government infrastructure projects (mostly schools and public buildings) examined in QAO Report 16: 2021-22. One project, Fortitude Valley State Secondary College, reached 21.5% of its original contract value.", "caveat": "A handful of audited building projects, not a sample of Queensland civil work. The denominator is total project cost, not the original contract value. Variations are money the client agreed to pay, the size of the pot, not a contractor loss. Corroborates the 10.6% change-order figure (67 Australian projects) from a Queensland regulator.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "qao-2022-contract-management" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F41" ], "source_org": "Queensland Audit Office", "source_title": "Contract management for new infrastructure (Report 16: 2021-22)", "source_url": "https://www.qao.qld.gov.au/reports-resources/reports-parliament/contract-management-new-infrastructure", "source_location": "'Audit conclusions'; definition of contract variation under 'Are contract variations effectively managed?'", "source_year": 2022, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "claim_window/weather_market_ratio_none", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "weather_market_ratio_none", "label": "No published figure for weather cost as a share of contract value", "exposure_value": null, "exposure_unit": "none", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "none - the only share-of-cost figures found are a single residential project and a perception survey", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "UK national weather data and standard building activities; a model with a worked example, not observed projects. Found UK weather extends durations by an average of 21%.", "caveat": "Recorded as `none` on purpose. The research pass found only two cost-as-percent figures: 4% on one Sydney apartment project (sponsored content, residential) and 23.8% from a Pakistani perception survey the pass called implausible. Neither is a benchmark, so this register holds no ratio rather than a convenient one. See weather_wet_day_overhead for what IS measured.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "ballesteros-perez-2018-weather" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "GB" ], "industries": [ "F41" ], "source_org": "Ballesteros-Perez, Smith, Lloyd-Papworth & Cooke", "source_title": "Incorporating the effect of weather in construction scheduling and management with sine wave curves", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1478109", "source_location": "abstract", "source_year": 2018, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "claim_window/weather_wet_day_overhead", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "claim_window", "metric_key": "weather_wet_day_overhead", "label": "Time-related site overhead per working day, Australian estimators", "exposure_value": 2010.0, "exposure_unit": "per_wet_day", "denominator": null, "currency": "AUD", "price_year": 2025, "exposure_basis": "AUD per working day at the high end (AU$870 at the low end), 20 wet days is AU$17,400 to AU$40,300", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": { "low": 870.0, "high": 2010.0, "kind": "scenario" }, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "Worked on a $5M contract. High end: 5,000,000 x 20% preliminaries x 45.49% time-related = 454,900 a year, / 226 working days = 2,013, shown as 2,010. Low end: 5,000,000 x 10% x 45.49% = 227,450 a year, / 261 working days = 871, shown as 870. The 45.49% is table 6; the 10% to 20% is the introduction, citing Chan & Pasquire 2002.", "sample_note": "30 senior Australian estimators put about 45.49% of preliminaries as time-related for the whole job; preliminaries are 10-20% of the contract sum. On a $5M job that is AU$870 to AU$2,010 per working day, depending on the overhead rate and the working days in the year.", "caveat": "A WORKED EXAMPLE, NOT A MEASUREMENT. Both inputs are weaker than we would like: the 10-20% preliminaries figure is a UK 2002 number cited second-hand, and the estimators' survey was mostly building work. No open Australian civil source gives either number. Use your own rates if you have them. The unit is per wet day, so this figure is never multiplied by a contract value. Price year taken from the source's data year; not yet confirmed against the source's tables.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "oleary-vaz-serra-2025-preliminaries" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "O'Leary & Vaz-Serra", "source_title": "Challenges in pricing preliminaries costs for contractors: An Australian case study", "source_url": "https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/otmcj-2025-0008.pdf", "source_location": "introduction citing Chan & Pasquire 2002; table 6 (30 Australian estimators)", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "compliance_gate/noncompliance_accident_cost_ratio", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "compliance_gate", "metric_key": "noncompliance_accident_cost_ratio", "label": "Accident cost as a share of contract sum (Singapore building contractors)", "exposure_value": 0.0025, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract sum, insured (0.15%) plus uninsured (0.1%) accident cost", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "A questionnaire survey of Singapore building contractors, 2011. Read from the paper's own abstract; the sample size is not stated there.", "caveat": "Singapore building work, not Australian civil, and contractors' own survey estimates rather than cost records. The full paper has not been read, so the sample size is unconfirmed. A weak Indian study found about 0.48% accident loss; the often-quoted '7.9% to 15%' comes from 1990s US data that could not be verified and is excluded.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "teo-feng-2011-accident-costs" ], "considered": null, "history": [ { "confidence": "low", "is_headline": true, "changed_on": "2026-09-25", "reason": "Previously read only as a search snippet (secondary, unverified). Now read from the paper's own abstract, which confirms the 0.25% and adds the insured and uninsured split. A survey of contractors' own estimates grades moderate under METHOD.md Section 4. The title and industry (building, F41) are corrected from the abstract." } ], "jurisdictions": [ "SG" ], "industries": [ "F41" ], "source_org": "Teo & Feng", "source_title": "Costs of Construction Accidents to Singapore Contractors", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2011.10773174", "source_location": "abstract, as reproduced on the co-author's institutional research portal: https://researchers.westernsydney.edu.au/en/publications/costs-of-construction-accidents-to-singapore-contractors (the publisher page and full text returned 403)", "source_year": 2011, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "compliance_gate/noncompliance_cost_per_incident", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "compliance_gate", "metric_key": "noncompliance_cost_per_incident", "label": "Employer cost per construction accident, from a short absence to a fatality", "exposure_value": 97408.0, "exposure_unit": "per_incident", "denominator": null, "currency": "AUD", "price_year": 2013, "exposure_basis": "AUD per incident to the employer, ranging AU$1,200 (short absence) to AU$97,408 (fatality)", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": { "low": 1200.0, "high": 97408.0, "kind": "reported_min_max" }, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "Built from the Safe Work Australia 2012-13 dataset plus three Tier-two contractor case studies, Australia. Employer-borne: AU$1,200 (58.82%) for a short absence, AU$6,211 for a long absence, AU$50,175 for full incapacity, AU$97,408 for a fatality (2.23% of that accident's total cost).", "caveat": "Not independent - it re-cuts the same Safe Work Australia data and is checked against only three case studies, with no averaged employer cost per accident. Severity-specific, so the high end is a fatality and not a typical incident. Penalties are separate and can reach AU$17.0m (Category 1, Commonwealth) or AU$20m (industrial manslaughter, NSW). Price year taken from the source's data year; not yet confirmed against the source's tables.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "allison-2019-accident-costs" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Allison, Hon & Xia", "source_title": "Construction accidents in Australia: Evaluating the true costs", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.037", "source_location": "tables 6 and 7", "source_year": 2019, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "compliance_gate/noncompliance_employer_share", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "compliance_gate", "metric_key": "noncompliance_employer_share", "label": "Employers' share of the total cost of work-related injury and illness (Australia)", "exposure_value": 0.19, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "total_injury_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the total cost, being the employer's share including workers' compensation premiums", "exposure_kind": "societal", "confidence": "high", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "AU$61.8 billion total (4.1% of GDP), of which construction was AU$5.84 billion. Employers bear 5% excluding premiums, about 19% including them. The UK is almost identical at about 19% (HSE 2025).", "caveat": "SOCIETAL, NOT THE CONTRACTOR'S BILL. Workers and the community bear the rest - recorded so the surface can show the real picture and exclude it from the headline. The report is internally inconsistent (74/21 in the summary, 77/18 in para 89) and its latest edition covers 2012-13. No construction-specific employer share exists.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "safe-work-australia-2015-injury-cost" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "ALL" ], "source_org": "Safe Work Australia", "source_title": "The Cost of Work-related Injury and Illness for Australian Employers, Workers and the Community: 2012-13", "source_url": "https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/cost-work-related-injury-and-illness-australian-employers-workers-and-community-2012-13", "source_location": "paras 89, 92; executive summary", "source_year": 2015, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "context/head_office_overhead", "family": "context", "disease_key": null, "metric_key": "head_office_overhead", "label": "Head office overhead as a share of the contract", "exposure_value": 0.0198, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract value, head office overhead", "exposure_kind": "context", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": { "low": 0.0099, "high": 0.0198, "kind": "scenario" }, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "Head office is 9.9% of preliminaries (table 4); preliminaries are 10% to 20% of the contract sum (introduction, citing Chan & Pasquire 2002). 9.9% x 10% = 0.99%; 9.9% x 20% = 1.98%.", "sample_note": "30 senior Australian estimators, mostly building work.", "caveat": "Our multiplication of two figures, one of them a UK 2002 number cited second-hand. Use your own rate if you have it.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "oleary-vaz-serra-2025-preliminaries" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "O'Leary & Vaz-Serra", "source_title": "Challenges in pricing preliminaries costs for contractors: An Australian case study", "source_url": "https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/otmcj-2025-0008.pdf", "source_location": "table 4; introduction", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "context/planned_gross_margin", "family": "context", "disease_key": null, "metric_key": "planned_gross_margin", "label": "Planned gross margin on Australian civil and transport work", "exposure_value": 0.0989, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "mean margin excluding overheads, of contract value", "exposure_kind": "context", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": { "low": 0.06, "high": 0.0989, "kind": "across_studies" }, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "67 projects from one Australian contractor (9.89%); 8 Australian transport projects (almost 9%); six years of one contractor's ledgers (6% to 9%).", "caveat": "Two of the three sources are one contractor's data each, and all three are the same research group. The docs page rounds this to 9%.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2017-change-orders", "love-ika-2021-transport-context", "love-2019-make-or-break" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F41", "F42" ], "source_org": "Love, Irani, Smith, Regan & Liu", "source_title": "Cost Performance of Public Infrastructure Projects: The Nemesis and Nirvana of Change-Orders", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2017.1333647", "source_location": "accepted manuscript, p.25", "source_year": 2017, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_adjudication_party_costs_nz", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_adjudication_party_costs_nz", "label": "Claimant's own cost of statutory adjudication as a share of the claim, New Zealand 2003-2023", "exposure_value": 0.192, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the amount claimed: the claimant's own costs of taking a payment dispute to adjudication, averaged over all claims", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "All statutory adjudications administered by the Building Disputes Tribunal, 2003-2023 (43 to 152 cases a year). Respondents' costs average 17.64% and the adjudicator's fee 16.37% of the claim.", "caveat": "One tribunal's own caseload, not every New Zealand adjudication. An average of per-claim percentages, so small claims dominate: under $30,000 the claimant's costs are 21.6%, over $10 million 1.74%. The claimant is usually, not always, the contractor or subcontractor seeking payment.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "building-disputes-tribunal-2023-adjudication" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "NZ" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Building Disputes Tribunal (Te Taraipiunara Tautohe Hanga Whare)", "source_title": "Tracking the Trends: A report on statutory adjudication in Aotearoa New Zealand 2003-2023", "source_url": "https://buildingdisputestribunal.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Building-Disputes-Tribunal-Report-2023.pdf", "source_location": "'Costs - How much does it cost?', 'Average costs all claims' table, pp.31-32", "source_year": 2023, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_party_costs_share", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_party_costs_share", "label": "Parties' own costs as a share of arbitration costs, 221 ICC awards", "exposure_value": 0.83, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "arbitration_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of total arbitration costs, being each party's own lawyers, experts and witnesses", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "high", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "221 ICC awards from 2012, all sectors - not construction-specific.", "caveat": "The share is of arbitration cost, not of contract value, which is why the unit is a ratio but the basis is explicitly the arbitration bill. Litigation to recovery is not linear: fighting is expensive in people's time.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "icc-2015-costs" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "GLOBAL" ], "industries": [ "ALL" ], "source_org": "ICC Commission", "source_title": "Decisions on Costs in International Arbitration", "source_url": "https://iccwbo.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/12/Decisions-on-Costs-in-International-Arbitration.pdf", "source_location": "p.5, para 2", "source_year": 2015, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_recovery_adjudication", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_recovery_adjudication", "label": "Adjudication awards against amounts claimed, Queensland 2024-25", "exposure_value": 0.0856, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the amount claimed, awarded across 214 decisions", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "AU$81.9m awarded / AU$957.0m claimed = 0.0856 (Table 23; the ratio is ours, not the QBCC's)", "sample_note": "AU$81.9m awarded against AU$957.0m claimed across 214 decisions. Queensland only, security-of-payment disputes, all construction sectors.", "caveat": "One A$634m claim dominates the total; without it the award rate is at most about 25%. The ratio is the research pass's own calculation, not the QBCC's. Do not use it as a typical loss rate.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "qbcc-2025-annual-report" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Queensland Building and Construction Commission", "source_title": "QBCC Annual Report 2024-2025, Table 23", "source_url": "https://www.qbcc.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/corporate-qbcc-ar-24-25-annual-report.pdf", "source_location": "Table 23, p.23", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_recovery_adjudication_nsw_2011", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_recovery_adjudication_nsw_2011", "label": "Adjudication awards against amounts claimed, NSW 2011-12 (determinations released)", "exposure_value": 0.509, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the amount claimed, across the 779 applications whose determination was released", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "high", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "$77,903,361 adjudicated / $153,143,608 claimed = 0.509 (Fig. 4, p.4). The report states the same result as 'about half of the aggregate amount claimed'.", "sample_note": "All 1,112 NSW adjudication applications in 2011-12, of which 779 reached a released determination. Claims under $100,000 (74% of determinations) were awarded about 84% of the amount claimed.", "caveat": "One financial year, fourteen years old. It covers only disputes that reached a decision: the 333 applications withdrawn, settled or dismissed are outside it, so it is the recovery rate once adjudicated, not on every claim. Larger claims recovered a smaller share. Not comparable with the Queensland 2024-25 figure or the 2018-2023 success ratios, which divide by different populations.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "nsw-2012-sop-adjudication-report" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-NSW" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "NSW Department of Finance & Services (statistics by the UNSW Adjudication Research + Reporting Unit)", "source_title": "Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999 - Adjudication Activity in New South Wales, Annual Report 2011/12", "source_url": "https://www.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/noindex/2025-07/adjudication_annual_report_2011_2012.pdf", "source_location": "Fig. 4 'Total claimed and adjudicated amounts 2011/12', p.4; Table 1, p.4; Table A, p.6", "source_year": 2012, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_recovery_adjudication_qld_series", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_recovery_adjudication_qld_series", "label": "Adjudication awards against amounts claimed, Queensland 2020-21 to 2024-25 (decisions released)", "exposure_value": 0.1488, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the amount claimed in adjudication decisions released, pooled over five financial years", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": { "low": 0.0856, "high": 0.4559, "kind": "reported_min_max" }, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "Awarded / claimed on decisions released, by year: 2020-21 $37,503,111 / $82,254,751 = 0.456; 2021-22 $15,854,534 / $51,816,751 = 0.306; 2022-23 $21,858,656 / $152,408,699 = 0.143; 2023-24 $61,524,294 / $225,306,009 = 0.273; 2024-25 $81,873,482 / $956,966,294 = 0.086. Pooled over five years: $218,614,077 / $1,468,752,504 = 0.1488.", "sample_note": "Every decision released by the QBCC Adjudication Registry under the Building Industry Fairness (Security of Payment) Act 2017, 2020-21 to 2024-25: 983 decisions. By year: 2020-21 45.6%, 2021-22 30.6%, 2022-23 14.3%, 2023-24 27.3%, 2024-25 8.6%.", "caveat": "Pooled dollars, so the largest claims dominate: 2024-25 alone is 65% of the amount claimed, and one A$634m claim sits inside it. The annual rate swings from 8.6% to 45.6%. It counts only disputes that reached a released decision, not every payment claim.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "qbcc-2021-annual-report", "qbcc-2022-annual-report", "qbcc-2023-annual-report", "qbcc-2024-annual-report", "qbcc-2025-annual-report" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Queensland Building and Construction Commission", "source_title": "QBCC Annual Report 2020-21", "source_url": "https://www.qbcc.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/publication-qbcc-annual-report-2020-2021.pdf", "source_location": "Table 6, decisions released", "source_year": 2021, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_recovery_adjudication_success_ratio", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_recovery_adjudication_success_ratio", "label": "Amount determined against amount claimed in adjudication applications, NSW 12% / QLD 18% / VIC 35%, 2018-2023", "exposure_value": 0.12, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "amount_claimed", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the amount claimed in all adjudication applications, including those that never reached a determination; NSW figure, with QLD and VIC as the range", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": { "low": 0.12, "high": 0.35, "kind": "reported_min_max" }, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "State regulators' adjudication statistics, NSW, QLD and VIC, 2018-2023: 9,784 applications, 5,657 determinations. NSW is 12%, QLD 18%, VIC 35%.", "caveat": "The denominator includes the roughly 40% of applications that never reached a determination (withdrawn, settled or paid), so this understates what claimants recover on decided disputes: NSW 2011-12 on decided disputes only was 50.9%. A consultancy's analysis, with internal inconsistencies: Victoria's totals differ between the December 2023 and February 2024 editions, and the NSW prose total ($5.5bn) disagrees with its own table ($6.28bn).", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "dga-2023-adjudication-outcomes" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-NSW", "AU-QLD", "AU-VIC" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Liu (DGA Australia)", "source_title": "Review of Adjudication Outcomes Across Australian States (NSW, Vic and Qld): Are the regimes effective?", "source_url": "https://www.tsariley.com/documents/53/dga_ebrief_december_2023.pdf", "source_location": "Table A, p.25; definition of the Success Ratio, p.26", "source_year": 2023, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_subcontractor_nonpayment_qld", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_subcontractor_nonpayment_qld", "label": "Average loss per unpaid subcontractor, Queensland (146 submissions to the 2019 taskforce)", "exposure_value": 288000.0, "exposure_unit": "per_incident", "denominator": null, "currency": "AUD", "price_year": 2019, "exposure_basis": "Australian dollars lost per subcontractor reporting non-payment, excluding submissions about multiple creditors", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "146 submissions to a Queensland Government taskforce in 2019, mostly from South Queensland and from small contractors (90% under $12m revenue). Losses ranged from $1,500 to $6 million per individual.", "caveat": "Self-reported and self-selected: the subcontractors who wrote in, not a sample of all subcontractors, and their own statement of what they were owed. The $112m multi-creditor submission is excluded from the average. Per case, not a share of contract value, so it is never multiplied by one.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "byrne-2019-subcontractor-nonpayment" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Special Joint Taskforce (Byrne; Queensland Police Service, QBCC and ODPP)", "source_title": "Special Joint Taskforce: Investigating subcontractor non-payment in the Queensland building and construction industry", "source_url": "https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2019/Oct/BIF/Attachments/SJTReport.PDF", "source_location": "Section 1.4.3 'Nature of submissions', p.16", "source_year": 2019, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_sums_at_stake", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_sums_at_stake", "label": "Sums in dispute across 2,200+ projects in 114 countries", "exposure_value": 0.334, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract budget", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "2,200+ projects in 114 countries, US$2.433tn of capex, average US$1.25bn. Time extensions sought averaged 65.8% of planned schedules.", "caveat": "CEILING, NOT TYPICAL CASE. These are HKA's own engagements - mostly disputed megaprojects that reached expert investigation. Read it as the top of the range for a job already in trouble, not the exposure on an ordinary civil contract.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "hka-2025-crux" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "GLOBAL" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "HKA", "source_title": "From Insight to Foresight", "source_url": "https://www.hka.com/news/crux-insight-eighth-annual-report-from-insight-to-foresight/", "source_location": "report summary (full report requires a sign-up)", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "evidence_gap/dispute_value_north_america", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "evidence_gap", "metric_key": "dispute_value_north_america", "label": "Average value of a construction dispute, North America 2024", "exposure_value": 60100000.0, "exposure_unit": "per_incident", "denominator": null, "currency": "USD", "price_year": 2024, "exposure_basis": "US dollars per dispute: the claimed value of the additional work or event as asserted by the contractor", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "Arcadis North America survey, 2024 data year, published June 2025. Average dispute length 12.5 months. The number of respondents is not stated.", "caveat": "A consultancy's view of the disputes it sees, in North America only, and the value claimed by the contractor, not the amount won. A mean dragged up by a few very large disputes: 80% of claims are US$25 million or less and almost half under US$5 million. Not a share of contract value, so it is never multiplied by one.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "arcadis-2025-disputes-north-america" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "CA", "US" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Arcadis", "source_title": "Construction Disputes in Motion: Speed, Agility, and Adapting to Change (15th Annual Construction Disputes Report, North America)", "source_url": "https://media.arcadis.com/-/media/project/arcadiscom/com/expertise/global/contract-solutions/2025/2025-15th-annual-construction-disputes-report-final-19jun25.pdf", "source_location": "'Overall Findings', PDF p.5-6 (average dispute value and length charts); definition, p.2 sidebar; methodology, p.23", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_contract_award_rail", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_contract_award_rail", "label": "Mean overrun from contract award, 16 Australian rail projects", "exposure_value": 0.23, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of original contract value, final versus original", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "16 rail projects by a single contractor, AU$0.5b+, mostly WA, 2011-2014. Scope changes accounted for 99% of the cost increase; lump-sum projects that overran averaged 12.83%.", "caveat": "Mostly scope variations the owner paid, not contractor losses. Median 12.3% against a mean of 23%, so a few projects dominate. Recorded as money_at_stake for that reason.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2017-off-the-rails" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Love, Zhou, Edwards, Irani & Sing", "source_title": "Off the rails: The cost performance of infrastructure rail projects", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.02.008", "source_location": "abstract, p.1 and Table 2 of the open-access preprint", "source_year": 2017, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_contractor_margin_swing", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_contractor_margin_swing", "label": "Final loss on 28 completed Australian infrastructure megaprojects, largest contractors", "exposure_value": 0.07, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract value, final profit at completion: the 9% tendered margin plus a further 7% (a 16-point swing)", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "Table 1, Total row: tendered profit A$3,328m at 9%, so contract value about A$37.0b; final profit A$(2,681)m, about (7.2%). The paper states the same result as \"its original 9% profit margin plus a further deterioration of 7%\" (abstract). Its \"net profit (16%)\" is final minus tendered, by its own definition on p.12, so it is not the loss as a share of contract value.", "sample_note": "28 completed mega projects over A$500m, Australia, commenced 2000 to 2015, road, rail, water and social infrastructure, PPP and design-and-construct, from Tier 1 contractors' open-book project data.", "caveat": "Megaprojects only: the paper excluded projects under A$500m because most of them made money, so this is not the loss on a typical civil job. The sample is selected for risk (PPP and D&C, alliances excluded). Grattan 2021, which cited it, doubts it: 'The study does not explain why shareholders would tolerate such a pattern of losses.'", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "ryan-duffield-2017-contractor-margins" ], "considered": null, "history": [ { "exposure_value": null, "exposure_unit": "none", "confidence": "low", "is_headline": false, "changed_on": "2026-09-25", "reason": "Read at source for the first time (previously second-hand via Grattan 2021). The paper gives the final result as a share of contract value, so the figure moves from an unquantified margin swing to a 7% loss; the grade moves from low (second-hand) to moderate (a sample selected for risk)." } ], "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F41", "F42" ], "source_org": "Ryan & Duffield", "source_title": "Contractor Performance on Mega Projects - Avoiding the Pitfalls", "source_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11343/168246", "source_location": "Table 1, Total row (pp.12-13); definition of net profit (p.12); abstract (p.1)", "source_year": 2017, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_contractor_share_belgium", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_contractor_share_belgium", "label": "Contractors' share of the extra cost of overruns, Belgian public infrastructure (expert survey)", "exposure_value": 0.405, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "overrun_additional_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the total additional cost caused by overruns, as apportioned across the parties by 52 surveyed experts", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "52 Belgian public infrastructure stakeholders, 35% of them general contractors. Public tendering authorities were assigned 49% and contractors 40.5%.", "caveat": "An opinion of who pays, not a measured cost: respondents apportioned 100% of the extra cost by judgement. Contractors assigned themselves 50.7%, others assigned them 35.6%. Belgium only, and a share of the overrun, not of the contract, so it is never multiplied by a contract value.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "molinari-2025-belgian-overruns" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "BE" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Molinari, Haezendonck, Van Rompay, Mabillard & Dooms", "source_title": "Persisting Cost Overruns in Public Infrastructure Projects: Lessons From the Belgian Case", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X241252585", "source_location": "Section 3.2.3.4 'Distributing the impact occurred due to cost overruns', p.18 of the accepted manuscript; survey question, Section 2.2, p.7", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_qld_capital_spend_vs_budget", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_qld_capital_spend_vs_budget", "label": "Queensland Government capital spending against budget, 2023-24", "exposure_value": 0.138, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "annual_capital_budget", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the state's budgeted capital expenditure for the year, all portfolios", "exposure_kind": "owner_side", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "The whole Queensland Government capital program, compiled by the Queensland Audit Office from state capital statements. 16.4% in 2022-23; about 15% a year on average since.", "caveat": "The state's money, not a contractor's, and a spending variance for the year, not the cost growth of any project: spending can run ahead of budget because work is brought forward as well as because it costs more. The QAO restated the 2022-23 figure between reports (14% in 2023, 16.4% in 2024).", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "qao-2025-major-projects-2024" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU-QLD" ], "industries": [ "F41", "F42" ], "source_org": "Queensland Audit Office", "source_title": "Major projects 2024 (Report 9: 2024-25)", "source_url": "https://www.qao.qld.gov.au/reports-resources/reports-parliament/major-projects-2024", "source_location": "'Report on a page'; Chapter 2, commentary on Figure 2B, p.5", "source_year": 2025, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_roads_worldwide", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_roads_worldwide", "label": "Average cost escalation on roads, 258 transport projects in 20 countries", "exposure_value": 0.2, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "budget_at_decision", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of budget, decision to build versus actual cost, real terms", "exposure_kind": "owner_side", "confidence": "high", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "Roads average 20% (N=167, sd=30); all project types average 28% (N=258, sd=39). Rail, bridge, tunnel and road projects across five continents.", "caveat": "Measured from the decision to build, so most of it arises BEFORE a contractor is signed, and much of it is paid by the client. This is NOT a figure for what a contractor loses, which is why it is recorded as owner_side and excluded from the headline.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "flyvbjerg-2004-cost-overrun" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "GLOBAL" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Flyvbjerg, Holm & Buhl", "source_title": "What Causes Cost Overrun in Transport Infrastructure Projects?", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/0144164032000080494a", "source_location": "p.5", "source_year": 2004, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "overrun_signal/overrun_transport_australia_promised", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "overrun_signal", "metric_key": "overrun_transport_australia_promised", "label": "Final cost over the first promised cost, 836 Australian transport projects", "exposure_value": 0.24, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "budget_at_announcement", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of the first publicly promised cost, final versus promised", "exposure_kind": "owner_side", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "836 Australian transport projects of $20m or more, 2001-2016; $28 billion over in total; 34% of projects went over.", "caveat": "Measured from the first promise, mostly before any contractor is signed, and paid by the owner (the taxpayer). The median overrun is 0%: a few projects dominate the mean.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "terrill-danks-2016-transport-overruns" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Terrill & Danks (Grattan Institute)", "source_title": "Cost overruns in transport infrastructure", "source_url": "https://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/878-Cost-overruns-on-transport-infrastructure.pdf", "source_location": "PDF pp.9, 29", "source_year": 2016, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_contractor_bears_it", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_contractor_bears_it", "label": "Contractor bore rework cost directly on 93% of projects; 23% of yearly profit lost", "exposure_value": null, "exposure_unit": "none", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "incidence and profit impact, not a share of contract value", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "98 projects with complete cost data (of 346 projects and 19,605 rework events), one contractor, six years of ledger data, public and private clients, building and infrastructure.", "caveat": "Recorded rework was only 0.39% of contract value - the ledgers undercount. Margins were 6-9%, which is why 0.39% wiped out roughly a quarter of yearly profit. The 2018 paper on the same data reports 28%; cite one and say which.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2019-make-or-break" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F41", "F42" ], "source_org": "Love, Ika, Ahiaga-Dagbui, Locatelli & Sing", "source_title": "Make-or-break during production: the costs of rework", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2018.1535675", "source_location": "abstract; results p.11 of the accepted manuscript", "source_year": 2019, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_field_direct_framing", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_field_direct_framing", "label": "Direct rework 'often' 5% of construction cost (framing in a US study of 359 projects)", "exposure_value": 0.05, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "construction_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of total construction cost, direct rework only", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "The paper analyses 359 projects in the CII database, mostly US industrial and commercial.", "caveat": "The 5% is the abstract's opening framing, not the paper's own measured result, and who bears the cost is not measured.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "hwang-2009-rework-cost" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "US" ], "industries": [ "F41", "F42" ], "source_org": "Hwang, Thomas, Haas & Caldas", "source_title": "Measuring the Impact of Rework on Construction Cost Performance", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2009)135:3(187)", "source_location": "abstract, read on TRID: https://trid.trb.org/view/884832", "source_year": 2009, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_field_heavy_industrial", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_field_heavy_industrial", "label": "Mean field rework above 3% of construction-phase cost, 150+ US heavy industrial projects", "exposure_value": 0.03, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_other", "denominator": "construction_cost", "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of construction-phase cost, field rework; the mean is above this figure", "exposure_kind": "money_at_stake", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "More than 150 heavy industrial projects, US, 2001.", "caveat": "Seen on CII's summary page only; the report was not read. Industrial, not civil, and 25 years old. Who bears the cost is not measured.", "status": "withdrawn", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": "The figure cannot be traced to the source it cites. On 2026-09-25 two agents read CII's page for RS153-1 independently and neither found \"above 3%\" or \"more than 150 projects\" on it; the page carries no figure or sample size at all. Other write-ups attribute conflicting numbers to CII's field-rework research (a 5% mean, 144 projects, 4.6% for buildings) without page references. The full report is paywalled and was not read. The figure can return when someone reads the report and cites the page.", "sources": [ "cii-2001-field-rework-index" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "US" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Construction Industry Institute", "source_title": "The Field Rework Index: Early Warning for Field Rework and Cost Growth (RS153-1)", "source_url": "https://www.construction-institute.org/the-field-rework-index-early-warning-for-field-rework-and-cost-growth", "source_location": "product page summary", "source_year": 2001, "source_secondary": true }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_recorded_in_ledgers", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_recorded_in_ledgers", "label": "Rework as recorded in one contractor's books, 0.38% rising to 0.76%", "exposure_value": 0.0038, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract value, direct cost only, as recorded pre-completion", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "low", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "One contractor's project data, collected by its quality managers. Adding post-completion corrections raises the average to 0.76%.", "caveat": "SECONDARY - the paper itself returned 403 and was read through ASCE's news write-up. The article gives no sample size, country or sector. The same study found actual costs underreported by around 300%, which is the number that matters here: most rework is never written down as rework.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2026-field-rework" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "unknown" ], "industries": [ "unknown" ], "source_org": "Love", "source_title": "Quantifying the Costs of Field Rework in Construction", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-17026", "source_location": "abstract, as reported", "source_year": 2026, "source_secondary": true }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_split_direct_indirect", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_split_direct_indirect", "label": "Direct 6.4% plus indirect 5.9% rework cost, 161 Australian professionals", "exposure_value": 0.123, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of total contract value, direct plus indirect", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "calculated", "calculation": "6.4% direct + 5.9% indirect = 12.3% (both from the abstract; the sum is ours)", "sample_note": "National survey of 161 construction professionals about recently completed Australian projects. Mixed sectors.", "caveat": "A perception survey. Design consultants' and project managers' estimates differed significantly. A 'total of 10%' appeared only in a search snippet, not the abstract, so it is not cited from this paper.", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-edwards-2005-rework-costs" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F" ], "source_org": "Love & Edwards", "source_title": "Calculating total rework costs in Australian construction projects", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10286600500049904", "source_location": "abstract", "source_year": 2005, "source_secondary": false }, { "id": "rework_signal/rework_total_civil_survey", "family": "disease", "disease_key": "rework_signal", "metric_key": "rework_total_civil_survey", "label": "Mean total rework cost, 115 Australian civil infrastructure projects", "exposure_value": 0.1, "exposure_unit": "ratio_of_contract", "denominator": null, "currency": null, "price_year": null, "exposure_basis": "of contract value, including indirect costs", "exposure_kind": "contractor_loss", "confidence": "moderate", "exposure_range": null, "derivation": "as_published", "calculation": null, "sample_note": "Questionnaire survey covering 115 Australian civil infrastructure projects. The only peer-reviewed figure specific to civil work.", "caveat": "Respondents' estimates, not measured cost records. Rework amount correlated significantly with cost and schedule growth (p<0.01).", "status": "current", "dispute_url": null, "withdrawn_reason": null, "sources": [ "love-2010-rework-civil" ], "considered": null, "history": null, "jurisdictions": [ "AU" ], "industries": [ "F42" ], "source_org": "Love, Edwards, Watson & Davis", "source_title": "Rework in Civil Infrastructure Projects: Determination of Cost Predictors", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000136", "source_location": "abstract", "source_year": 2010, "source_secondary": false } ] }