Figures that don't name your exact selection but still apply to it.
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20% of the budget at the decision to build: Average cost escalation on roads, 258 transport projects in 20 countries (Flyvbjerg, Holm & Buhl, 2004; Global; high confidence).
What it is. 20% of budget, decision to build versus actual cost, real terms.
Sample. Roads average 20% (N=167, sd=30); all project types average 28% (N=258, sd=39). Rail, bridge, tunnel and road projects across five continents.
What it is not. Measured from the decision to build, so most of it arises BEFORE a contractor is signed, and much of it is paid by the client. This is NOT a figure for what a contractor loses, which is why it is recorded as owner_side and excluded from the headline.
DEMITON