Average cost escalation on roads, 258 transport projects in 20 countries

What it is. 20% of budget, decision to build versus actual cost, real terms.

Sample. Roads average 20% (N=167, sd=30); all project types average 28% (N=258, sd=39). Rail, bridge, tunnel and road projects across five continents.

What it is not. Measured from the decision to build, so most of it arises BEFORE a contractor is signed, and much of it is paid by the client. This is NOT a figure for what a contractor loses, which is why it is recorded as owner_side and excluded from the headline.

Where it came from

• Flyvbjerg, Holm & Buhl (2004), What Causes Cost Overrun in Transport Infrastructure Projects?
  p.5 · source record

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